2022.07.18

Traditional Chinese Medicine in Depression Treatment: From Molecules to Systems. Front. Pharmacol, 2020

Figure 1.  target

Table 1. 지용성? 투여 경로, 투여농도, 투여기간에 대한 고려. 

monoamine neurotransmissions, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotropic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cascade, and glutamate transmission.

agents that directly target the HPA axis, such as glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, vasopressin receptor antagonists, and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists, could also be effective antidepressants by blocking receptor activities to terminate the consequence of hormone secretions due to stress-induced hyperactivity of the HPA axis

#Glutamate transmission

#60 min

Monoaminergic and aminoacidergic receptors are involved in the antidepressant-like effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in mouse hippocampus (CA3) and prefrontal cortex 

Timosaponin derivative YY-23 acts as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist and exerts a rapid antidepressant-like effect in mice

Administration of Huperzine A exerts antidepressant-like activity in a rat model of post-stroke depression. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 158, 32–38. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.00

#GAD67

Effect of honokiol on activity of GAD65 and GAD67 in the cortex and hippocampus of mice. Phytomedicine. 2011

The anxiolytic effect of salicylic acid is mediated via the GABAergic system in the fear potentiated plus maze behavior in rats

Repeated Administration of Korea Red Ginseng Extract Increases Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep via GABAAergic Systems. J Ginseng Res. 2012

Social isolation induces neuroinflammation and microglia overactivation, while dihydromyricetin prevents and improves them. J Neuroinflammation. 2022 

Neuroinflammation decreases GABA synthesis by reducing glutamate acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) enzyme, downregulating GABAAR protein expression, and inhibiting GABA current by decrease GABA neurons density. 

#Ketamine mechanism

Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant. Molecular Psychiatry. 2018

#Molecular docking simulation

Molecular docking analysis of Ginsenoside Rb1 binding with GABAA receptor. Aging (Albany NY). 2019 

Rodent models of treatment-resistant depression. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015

3.1. Separation into antidepressant responders and non-responders

: This approach would require repeat testing in the behavioral models, some of which could be confounded by re-testing.

3.2. Treatments that render rodents resistant to antidepressant

: ①Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) model, ②Induction of inflammation, ③Stress, diet, and environmental factors 

Roman chamomile inhalation combined with clomipramine treatment improves treatment-resistant depression-like behavior in mice

Influence of ACTH on the effects of imipramine, desipramine and lithium on duration of immobility of rats in the forced swim test 

Antidepressant effects of Kai-Xin-San in fluoxetine-resistant depression rats

Lithium augmentation of the effects of desipramine in a mouse model of treatment-resistant depression: a role for hippocampal cell proliferation

Acetylsalicylic acid as an augmentation agent in fluoxetine treatment resistant depressive rats