2022.07.25_2

Ellagic acid protects mice against sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment and anxiety by inhibiting TLR4 and activating Nrf2. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 

#hippocampus & sleep deprivation

• the hippocampal region of the brain appears to be more susceptible to SD than other areas. 

#glutamate (Glu) & sleep deprivation

• the median concentrations of glutamate (Glu) were higher during SD compared to baseline in rats [7]. 
• Glu generates oxidative stress by various mechanisms, which leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The abnormal production of ROS causes oxidation of biological macromolecules and the expression of inflammatory mediators and genes, ultimately leading to an increase in the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

#Behavioral test Schedule

• n=12 per group
• behavioral tests were carried out after 24 hours of SD (Morris water maze training began on day 18). Following the behavioral tests, the mice were sacrificed for biomarker assays. 

#sleep deprivation method

• After 3 days of SD habituation (from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m., 3 hours per day), all groups except the control group were subjected to SD for 72 hours (from 8 a.m. on day 18 to 8 a.m. on day 21). 
• Then, behavioral tests were carried out after 24 hours of SD (Morris water maze training began on day 18).
• During the 72-hour SD period, the mice had free access to water and food. 
• The control group mice were only kept in cages.

#proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of the SD group

Automated home-cage monitoring as a potential measure of sickness behaviors and pain-like behaviors in LPS-treated mice. 2021

• automated home-cage monitoring could be a feasible alternative to conventional methods, such as the open-field test and combining several behavioral assessments may provide a better understanding of sickness behavior and pain-like behaviors in LPS-treated mice.
• We also assessed 24 h long-term locomotor activity in the home-cage system, which profiled the diurnal behaviors of LPS-stimulated mice. 
• The results demonstrated significant behavioral impairment in LPS-stimulated mice compared to the control mice in both light and dark phases. 
• However, the difference is more evident in the dark phase compared to the light phase owing to the nocturnal activity of mice.